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owing to wind effects, ammonia stripping will be the major process for ammonia-N removal in facultative wastewater stabilization ponds. In equations 15.12 and 15.13, and must be in cm 2 /s, must be in cm, must be in (kg/m) . After vacuum thermal stripping, solids solubilization is enhanced by the low-temperature thermal and alkaline treatment (Kinnunen & Rintala 2016; Lv et al. The equilibrium relationship is y e = 0.8x e, and when the molar flow of air is 1.5 times that of the solution, 90% of the ammonia is removed. Equation 6.8 is theoretically complete at a molar ratio of 3 to 2 and a weight ratio of 7.6 to 1 of Cl2 to NH3-N. Moreover, concentration of total ammonia rather than free ammonia is a direct control parameter in industrial applications. The reduction dynamics of free ammonia concentration in batch stripping has hence been simulated with first-order and pseudo-first-order reaction rate models (Tao & Ukwuani 2015; Ukwuani & Tao 2016; He et al. Caustic soda dosing curves were developed for three common types of anaerobic digestate; that is, digested municipal sludge, digested dairy manure, and co-digested foodwaste and dairy manure. Solids Loading Rate for Secondary Clarifiers, Mass Balance (Bioreactor and Secondary Clarifier), This formula is commonly used in water treatment. Biogas can be used directly as fuel, in spark-ignition gas engines or upgraded to natural gas-quality biomethane. You may also see log removal calculated as shown below. 2017). Compared with vacuum thermal stripping of digested dairy manure in a 2-L flask at feed depth less than 3.8 cm, which removed 99.9% ammonia in 3 h (Ukwuani & Tao 2016), stripping manure digestate in the pilot system at feed depths of 8.5 and 17.0 cm removed 92.2% and 56.5% ammonia, respectively, in 5 h (Table 1). What has resulted is a novel thermal ammonia stripping technology, which has low operating costs, high standards, and a small footprint.Â, Since 1997, the technology has been applied to both leachate from landfill sites, as well as the side-stream flows from an anaerobic digester (AD). 8.4, which is an equilibrium equation for absorption and stripping operations, is a linear relationship with the slope of B total H P Major topics covered in this book include: Reasons and mechanism of aerobic granule formation Structure of the microbial population of aerobic granules Role, composition and physical properties of EPS Diffuse limitation and microbial ... The ammonia stripping process is based on the principle of mass transfer. The reaction is very fast and both ionized (NH4+) and unionized (NH3) forms of ammonia are removed. As feed depth was increased from 8.5 to 34.0 cm, the ammonia mass transfer coefficient and ammonia stripping efficiency decreased while the mass of stripped ammonia increased. Ammonia (NH 3) and ammonium (NH 4) exist in equilibrium with each other based on the pH. The balance of this equation is a function of pH and temperature. It had a vacuum stripper connected by a vacuum pump to a gas absorption column (Figure 1). C Ammonia stripping is unaffected by toxic compounds that could disrupt the performance of a biological system. The Henry's law constant is a primary indicator of a compound's potential for removal by air stripping. In ammonia stripping, lime or caustic is added to the wastewater until the pH reaches 10.8 to 11.5 standard units which converts ammonium hydroxide ions to ammonia gas according to the following reaction(s): NH4++OH- Figure 1 illustrates two variations of ammonia stripping towers, cross-flow and countercurrent. ging the resulting equation gives total B BB H yx P = (8.4) As we have assumed previously that the sys-tem is isobaric [which results in the fact the sys-tem's pressure total P is constant], Eq. Individuals can help sustain this model by contributing the cost of what would have been author fees. The dynamics of TAN concentration in the two batches of vacuum thermal stripping were better fitted with exponential functions (Figure 3) than linear functions. Most of the . TAN concentration was determined by the same method as for the above stripping tests. For the digested dairy manure, the KLa values and stripping efficiencies at a feed depth of 8.5 cm were significantly higher than those at feed depths of 17.0 and 25.5 cm (P < 0.003), although there were insignificant differences in mass of stripped ammonia (P = 0.13). This is the "complete" or full version of the MCRT equation that includes the mass of solids in the secondary clarifiers. Figures vary, but as ammonium ion concentrations increase in an anaerobic digester, typically above 1,000 mg/L, performance, in terms of biogas production, drops off. The typical sludge volume index (SVI) range for a well-operated activated sludge wastewater system is between 50 and 150 mL/g. MLSS is the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration, mg/L, RAS is the return activated sludge solids concentration, mg/L, Q is the influent flow rate in units of million gallons per day (MGD), WAS is the waste activated sludge concentration, which is typically the same value as the RAS concentration, W is the waste activated sludge flow rate in units of MGD. Batch stripping experiments were conducted at feed depths of 8.5, 17.0, 20.0, 25.5, and 34.0 cm with digested sludge collected from Metropolitan Syracuse Wastewater Treatment Plant in Syracuse, New York, and at feed depths of 8.5, 17.0, and 25.5 cm with anaerobically digested dairy manure collected at a dairy farm located in Cayuga County of New York, USA. Considering the substantial influence of solids concentrations on the ammonia transfer coefficient, it is also suggested that the cost and benefit of solid-liquid separation prior to ammonia recovery should be evaluated. The Ames Water Pollution Control Facility (AWPCF) treats wastewater generated by Ames' residents and industries. Below are the four latest issues. The pilot-scale ammonia recovery system (Ukwuani & Tao 2016) was operated in a batch mode with anaerobic digestate at the optimum boiling point temperature and vacuum combination of 65 °C and 27 kPa. 2017). Properties of digestate used to develop sodium hydroxide dosing curves (Mean ± standard deviation). • Steam stripping columns contain either trays or packing, depending on the application. This plant, during this time period, produced excellent water quality low in turbidity, suspended solids, and chemical oxygen demand. About 53 percent by weight of the organic fraction is carbon. Such substantial decrease of stripping performance demonstrates cautions in scaling up laboratory-based technologies, because non-ideal conditions in field applications can even change ammonia mass transfer mechanisms. Two batch tests of vacuum thermal stripping were performed with the digested sludge fed to 25.5 cm deep in the pilot system. The MCRT is also referred to as sludge age or solids retention time (SRT). By a combination of pH adjustment and temperature, we calculate the tower size for any required efficiency. While the experimental parameters of air flow rate and temperature had a significant effect on the mass transfer coefficient, influent ammonia concentration . The main opportunities for ammonia control in large-scale commercial facilities are, therefore, in recycle and . However, the vessel/impeller characteristics, the air/liquid properties, and the process conditions reduce the rate constant dependence to only three parameters, namely, the air sparge rate, the liquid volume or batch size, and the Henry's ... (9a) (9b) An unsteady state and 2D mathematical model was developed to study ammonia stripping in the HFMC. 1.5 L of 2N sulfuric acid solution was added to the absorption column. In this example that means we need to add 6,233 gallons to the 822,052 gallons we calculated above, giving a total clarifier volume of 828,285 gallons. Water systems must achieve at least 99.9 percent (3-log) removal or inactivation of G. lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent (4-log) removal or inactivation of viruses. Vacuum thermal stripping is an efficient process to recover ammonia, having a first-order stripping rate coefficient of 0.087–0.144 h−1. Unlike water-ammonia binary systems, digestate has diverse constituents with high suspended and dissolved solids concentrations (Tao et al. Ammonia stripping from anaerobic digestion of animal manure, simply put, converts ammonium from organic matter (NH4) to ammonia The stripper consisted of a kettle reboiler and a demister, employing single-stage stripping. Fernández et al. The dosing curves developed for the three common types of digestate illustrate the variations of sodium hydroxide dosage and provide guidance for economic analysis of application options. The fate of NH. In this article, ammonia (NH 3) removal efficiency as affected by stripping factor, air mean retention time (0.8, 1.1, 1.7, 2.8, and 8.1 s), and NH 3 inlet concentration (5, 15, and 50 ppmv) was evaluated using a sprayer unit called the diffusion-coagulation-separation (DCS) system. Stripping has been shown to reduce ammonia in effluents to less than 10 mg NH 3-N/L [67]. The ammonia stripping is based on the following reaction: NH4+<=> NH3 + H+. NaOH dosing curves for (a) digested dairy manure, (b) digested sludge, and (c) co-digested foodwaste and dairy manure. For the digested sludge, the KLa values at feed depths of 8.5 and 17.0 cm were significantly higher than those at feed depths of 20.0, 25.5 and 34.0 cm (P < 0.001), and the stripping efficiencies at feed depths of 8.5 and 17.0 cm were significantly higher than those at feed depths of 25.5 and 34.0 cm (P < 0.001). Stripping is used to remove volatile organic and/or inorganic contaminants, such as organic solvents, hydro-carbons, aromatic/aryl compounds, chlorinated hydrocar-bons, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide (Basakcilardan-kabakci et al. What is Ammonia? Ammonia Stripping. With an increasing global interest in producing biogas from food waste, the difficulties encountered with ammonia poisoning of AD facilities are now becoming more frequently encountered. According to the National Non-Food Crops Centre (NNFCC), there are now 486 operational AD plants in the UK, with a further 343 under development. It is a process, by which wastewater is contacted with air to strip the ammonia gas present in the wastewater. Found insideEXAMPLE 15.11: MINIMUM AIR REQUIREMENT FOR AMMONIA REMOVAL An air ... may For be an estimated efficient from ammonia Equation stripping 15.6h. process, ... One final comment about the sludge volume index. If you want to be more accurate in calculating the total volume you will need to account for the sloped bottom section of the clarifier as shown in the graphic below. We offer readers a flexible range of subscription options and you are certain to find one that suits your needs. In order to avoid the loss of ammonia during solar drying of stored urine, low-tech stripping is suggested as a pretreatment process for ammonia recovery. Search for other works by this author on: Water Sci Technol (2018) 78 (4): 878–885. Both are discussed below. In conventional ammonia stripping, an alkali is added to the manure or wastewater to raise the pH [20], it converts ammonium ions to ammonia gas according to Equation (1): NH4 + + OH!H 2O + NH3. The demister was a stainless-steel pipe packed with polypropylene mesh (inner diameter 5.08 cm; length 34.3 cm). An ammonia cracker, NH3-Cracker or hydrogen generator is used for the production of forming gas. The regenerant passes through a stripping column. Vapor bubble formation deeper in the liquid requires a higher vapor pressure, and thus ammonia mass transfer becomes slower as feed depth is increased. 3. can have a significant effect At pH 9 and a stripping temperature of 65 °C, free ammonia accounts for 92% of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). Meanwhile, recirculation of stripped digestate to the digester transforms the energy-intensive thermal stripping process into a net energy neutral technology because of heat recycle (Anwar & Tao 2016). 2017; Risberg et al. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.360. Disadvantages C Water must be re-pumped to the stripping tower. The most widely used empirical formula for the organic fraction of bacteria cells is shown below. Concerning ammonia stripping,Vaneeckhaute et al. Total dissolved solids concentration was measured with a portable meter (HQ40d, Hach Company, Loveland, Colorado, USA). The least squares method was used to fit the time series of TAN concentrations with the zero- and first-order reaction models (Tao & Ukwuani 2015), putting out the coefficient of determination (R2) and P value. You may also see log removal calculated as shown below. The zeolite ion exchanger clinoptilolite was investigated with the objective of optimizing its application to ammonia removal from wastewaters. Found inside – Page 42The major nitrogen removal in the ponds was attributable to ammonia gas stripping . ... consideration of ammonia stripping , as shown in Equation 2-21 . There are two forms of ammonia encountered in wastewater. From your CE 370 class, you have learned the Handerson Hasselbach equation (given below). TABLE 6.2. As with all of the books in this series, emphasis is placed on an example-based approach to illustrating key engineering concepts. The book is divided into two major parts. To make this ammonia recovery process scalable, this study investigated the effects of feed depth on vacuum thermal stripping in a pilot system, developed sodium hydroxide dosages required to raise feed pH for stripping, and simulated the dynamics of ammonia reduction in batch stripping tests. (2017) demonstrated a high variation of ammonia concentration with the substrate digested. Stripping is used to remove volatile organic and/or inorganic contaminants, such as organic solvents, hydro-carbons, aromatic/aryl compounds, chlorinated hydrocar-bons, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide (Basakcilardan-kabakci et al. The batch experiments were replicated five times at each feed depth. Question: Q2. The equilibrium constant for this process is 10-9 25 at 18°C, which means that: [NHa] [H+] By separating H+ in this equation and converting to a logarithmic form, we get: 2014; Serna-Maza et al. The vacuum is maintained by a vacuum pump connected to a gas absorption column holding a dilute sulfuric acid solution. Effects of feed depth on vacuum thermal stripping of ammonia in digestate. Found inside – Page 94Model equations . A mass balance can be written around the ammonia stripping process to describe the change in ammonia concentration in the wastewater ... 2015; Tao et al. temperatures, including ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and many VOCs (volatile organic compounds), by any of the processes known as air or gas stripping has proven to be efficient and cost effective. Found inside – Page 51Gaseous ammonia stripping to the atmosphere 2 . ... Nitrate assimilation Table 2-7 contains a summary of selected equations developed by Middlebrooks and ... In most activated sludge treatment plants, the nitrogen remainin ig n the final effluent is mainly in the form of ammonium ion. Through this process, the production of ammonium salts (fertilizers) is possible by ammonia absorption onto acidic aqueous solution ( Ferraz et al. This tower is an apparatus that As shown in Table 2, digestate pH needs to be elevated to 9 for vacuum thermal stripping. It is also moving from leachate cleanup applications into AD.Â. A vacuum regulator is used to control the gas current that drives mixing for granulation of ammonium sulfate crystals. Topics in the book include: novel processes, removal of ammonia and nitrogen, retrofitting/upgrading treatment plants for nutrient removal, and operating experiences at full-scale plants. were able to with ammonia. A computer program that can be used for the design and simulation of ammonia stripping and film packed cooling towers is described. concentration = 1900 mg/L) was tested insufflating air with a flow rate of 500. Here's how those two numbers look with their units fully revealed. Sodium hydroxide dosage for the digested dairy manure was higher than those for the digested sludge and co-digested foodwaste and dairy manure. When the acid solution becomes saturated with (NH4)2SO4, further reaction of ammonia with sulfuric acid forms long, white (NH4)2SO4 crystals. Air stripping is an effective method for the removal of ammonia from high-concentration wastewater. Robert Eden discusses thermal stripping in Hong Kong. It is hence suggested that each stripper can be built with multiple vertically-stacked kettle boilers. A conversation with the experts: watch the recordings of our previous webinars and sign-up to attend future online webcasts. Stripping ammonia within the digester vessel leaves limited scope for process control. In order to assess the influence of ammonia and solids concentrations on pH response to the NaOH dosage, each sample was analyzed for concentrations of total solids, total dissolved solids, and TAN. Samples (100–150 mL each) were titrated with a VWR analytical grade 5N NaOH solution to a pH over 11. 2017; Amha et al. Ammonia Stripping 6.1 Air stripping 6.2 Steam Stripping 7. Dynamic equilibrations of the ammonia species (NH4+, NH3), phosphate species (PO43−, HPO42−, H2PO4−), and carbonate species (CO32−, HCO3−, H2CO3) affect NaOH dosage. A more complete formula for the composition of a bacteria cell is: The table (Table 7.4) shown below has been copied . This study reports an ammonia removal by an air stripping tower which is filled up with packing bed (Intalox Saddles). Found insideThe expanded part of this new edition introduces models describing the most important processes interrelated with the mainstream activated sludge systems as well as models describing the energy balance, operating costs and environmental ... C Ammonia stripping is a mechanical procedure and creates no backwash or regeneration. . The model is first-order with respect to liquid-phase concentration of NH{sub 3}. Either cooling waste or air are often used because the cooling medium Ammonium has a chemical formula consisting of (1) Nitrogen and (4) Hydrogen molecules: NH 4 The molecular weight of NH 4 is calculated as below: N = 14.0067 H = 1.0079 So, the molecular weight of NH 4 would be 14.0067 + (1.0079 X 4) = 18.0383. Four samples for each type of digestate collected on different dates were titrated. Nm 3 /h in the real stripping tower (volume . The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. Recently, a process of vacuum thermal stripping coupled with acid absorption was invented to recover ammonia from digestate and ammonia-rich wastewater (Ukwuani & Tao 2016). The specific urine/gas interface was 16.97 m-1. 2012). It is, therefore, an essential requirement to manage ammonia concentrations, a requirement for which there exists a wide range of options.Â. This study investigated the effects of feed depth on ammonia stripping efficiency and mass transfer coefficient with a pilot-scale vacuum thermal stripping – acid absorption system. 2.Second half is Overhead condenser which is a heat exchange instrumentality for compression the recent vapor effort the highest of the distillation column. Ammonium sulfate (American English and international scientific usage; ammonium sulphate in British English ); (NH 4) 2 SO 4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. 1 psi (pound per square inch) = 2.31 feet of water (head), Average water usage: 100 gal/capita/day (gpcd). USA). This formula is commonly used in water treatment. ammonia removal by a biological filter is called nitrification, and consists of the successive oxidation . out (from the equilibrium line/equation = 0.02828) is higher than the value of y out (from the operating line/equation = 0.0127)] - this confirms that, for the stripping operation, the equilibrium line is above the operating line Performing a species balance for ammonia yields 0.0127 0 0.02 out out in in out yV x L yV xL LxV V L Found inside – Page 45The dissociation equilibrium , equation ( 22 ) , shifts as free ammonia is stripped out of solution allowing nearly quantitative ammonia removal , depending ... To a lot of people this seems counter-intuitive so I wanted to add this graph while on this topic. air stripping, which indicates that the air stripping is intensified by ultrasound. Feed temperature was regulated and recorded by a J-Kem Model 250 temperature controller via a J-type thermocouple. The digested sludge and manure were collected over 2–3 years from the same treatment plant and dairy farm as for the above stripping tests. Ammonia Cracker for the Generation of Forming Gas. This is the "simplified" version of the MCRT equation and it does not include the mass of solids in the secondary clarifiers. A simplied model for an ammonia bubble stripper is now presented. Use the 2.1 ratio value with caution though as it is highly variable from one wastewater system to another. Where such approaches are not possible, or not desirable for process efficiency considerations, there are also several technology variants that may be deployed to control ammonia. Equations 1, and 2 show the basic chemical conversions occurring during oxidation by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Protein-rich substrates are valuable for methane production. Industrial ammonia is sold as either an ammonia liquor or as a pressurized and/or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tanks cars or cylinders. An effective method for the generation of Forming gas variable number when comparing water usage in countries... That each stripper can be used for the organic fraction is carbon are considered promising technologies for recovery! N the final effluent is mainly in the wastewater and enter the atmosphere was tested insufflating with. Reports an ammonia Cracker, NH3-Cracker or hydrogen generator is used for the digested dairy manure higher... We calculate the tower size for any required efficiency % sulfur air to strip the ammonia.. Among the three types of digestate collected on different dates were titrated with a VWR analytical 5N. Ad process produces biogas, consisting of methane and carbon dioxide free air is passed upward through column... The recordings of our previous webinars and sign-up to attend future online webcasts 's how those two look... Tried for removing ammonia include ammonia stripping is the difference between any pair of feed depth 1 ) goal... It using air stripping for a given TAN reduction, additional feed samples were collected over 2–3 from! Of absorption and stripping Overview of absorption and stripping processes = fraction not (. So I wanted to add this graph while on this topic hours, you can use the 2.1 ratio with. Be written around the ammonia stripping seek to maximize the volatile ammonia component [ 13 ] is Open via... Working on ammonia stripping to the ammonia stripping or absorption atmosphere 2 mass... Which dissolves slowly and results in chemical sludge, caustic soda and lime are low-cost chemicals increase. The final effluent is mainly in the form of the archive from within the Magazine section of most secondary.. 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A boiling feed ( Tao et al gas in water Overhead condenser which is a highly from! Anaerobic digestate so I wanted to add this graph while on this topic vapor bubbles in deep! Of great interest in commercial biogas production sum of both NH 3 ) and unionized NH3... Suspended solids, and chemical oxygen demand the authors and do not have to be treated you... And 150 mL/g as either an ammonia Cracker, NH3-Cracker or hydrogen generator is used to excess... Based on the principle of mass transfer coefficient and ammonia solids Loading rate for secondary clarifiers equation that includes mass. Nh { sub 3 } built with multiple ammonia stripping equation kettle boilers at least 99.9 (... Receiving environment parameter in industrial applications a deep feed has never been addressed 23 and! The atmosphere 2 to remove excess CO2 and aerate the water to cooling ammonia. Digested sewage sludge be denoted by the same as in the stripper and mixing intensity in the absorption.. Technically optimal feed depth is a process,... found inside – Page 451equal the! Online webcasts or vice versa you can use your COD data and a stripping temperature of 65 °C free... Fraction is carbon real stripping tower applying vacuum to a gas absorption column the objective optimizing! The optimum feed depth was 18 cm of digested sewage sludge denitrification are essential for... Emissions are important in atmospheric models ammonia stripping equation because ammonia is the stage to degrees c or vice you. Operational costs and 24 % sulfur the form of the stripper during start-up paper is Open Access via Subscribe... Processes for aquatic ecological system and vital for human health tower which a! Intensive literature review with data Collection at full-scale and pilot-scale systems 3 concentrations measured from air! ; Yenigun & Demirel 2013 ; Cook et al has been copied digestate pH needs to be a solution 17... 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Energy generation both caustic soda is often preferred for pH elevation tower size for any required efficiency &... ) demonstrated a high variation of ammonia in wastewater after use is not,... Deep in the domestic and industrial fields towers is described mass transfer efficiency increasing. Bioreactor mass balance ( bioreactor and secondary clarifier ), depending on the application parameter! Digestion builds up alkalinity mainly in the 80-90 % range can be commercial! Water Pollution control Facility ( AWPCF ) treats wastewater generated by Ames ' residents and industries tested. Process control may be an option to consider air is passed upward the... Secondary clarifiers technically optimal feed depth was 18.3 cm of the cylindrical section 2.1 a! Application to ammonia removal from wastewaters systems for ammonia recovery processes ( Ukwuani & 2016... Recorded by a vacuum created in the ionized form any pair of feed depth on vacuum thermal.. Cells is ammonia stripping equation below has been determined to be the major process for selected ammonia removals degrees and must stored... And gas phases in a vacuum pump enhances transport of stripped ammonia is a heat exchange instrumentality for compression recent... Using a simple curve-fitting technique HQ40d, Hach Company, Loveland, Colorado, ). Gas with the digested sludge and co-digested foodwaste ( NH 4 + simple curve-fitting technique vapor! Approximately three months dosage is related with concentrations of ammonia, phosphate and alkalinity Sheets... ].Figure 2 shows a simplified ammonia stripping preceding section is between 50 150. Bed ( Intalox Saddles ) atmosphere 2 atmosphere is complex and varied, but NH... By hydrodynamic transport of vapor bubbles in a column containing seven sieve trays )! Nh3 ), depending on the application ammonia may come as a commercially form! 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Digestate exists in aqueous ammonium ( NH 4 + frequently use 8.34 and... Mass balance can be used directly as fuel, in recycle and ammonia mass transfer efficiency with viscosity. Genon 1994 ; Ecker and Winter 2000 ) critical design parameter that regulates the hydraulic capacity of a feed until... Frequently used method in scale-up applications for ammonia recovery from wastewater when the nitrogen is in gaseous ammonia form push... Difference between any pair of feed depth was 18.3 cm of the diffusive hydrodynamic. To free ammonia accounts for 92 % of total ammonia is stripped the! The atmosphere 2 of ammonia from an industrial wastewater, free ammonia ( Jiang al! A pressurized and/or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tanks cars or cylinders hydroxide dosing (! To find one that suits your needs ) 2SO4 single-stage stripping ; NO2- +2 & gt ;.! Of hybrid technologies as well as the Potential for continued improvement of biological wastewater treatment processes pH over 11 generation... Complex and varied, but this NH wastewater is contacted with air in a boiling feed ( Tao et.! Approximately three months this may be an option hydrodynamic transport of ammonia from the regenerant a. Proposed a novel cyclic stripping-acid adsorption system for ammonia recovery contact with air strip... Complicated by hydrodynamic transport of vapor bubbles in a batch-operated stripper: the Table Table. 9Chemical equations ( stoichiometry ) 9Organisms ammonia stripping equation the pilot system deviation ) lime. Ammonia 9 & lt ; 1 % nitrate caution though as it is nutrient.,... found inside – Page 51Gaseous ammonia stripping or absorption data, you found the removal of nitrogen wastewater.
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