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masks, public/community education on hygiene and respiratory etiquette, safe slaughter and preparation of animals and animal products (in particular poultry). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Interventions using copepods, environmental clean-up and education activities are effective at reducing larval indices, mosquito indices and incidence of dengue to the point of local elimination. However, many of the existing studies evaluating dengue control interventions do not have a long enough follow-up period to enable an assessment of the sustainability. We used the frameworks for evaluating infectious disease surveillance systems and behavioural interventions outlined in the background section to guide categorisation in our synthesis of this evidence where the evidence allowed us to, for surveillance activities we grouped abstracted information according to the CDC criterion for evaluating surveillance activities and for control programs we used a behavioural change framework to look at mechanisms and context for change. Larval density of Ae. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene. Nicholson, K.G. Vaccine. (2010). Ecohealth. National dengue surveillance in Cambodia 1980-2008: epidemiological and virological trends and the impact of vector control. In Brazil, data for the calculation of infestation indices is collected on a bimonthly basis according to PNCD guidelines [12]. Reason for exclusion: No data provided, descriptive only. Srisongmuang W. Thailand - Structure of veterinary services of rabies disease control. 2007;13(4):527-31. Public health measures implemented during the SARS outbreak in Singapore, 2003. 2004;10(7):1290-2. However, it was also noted that community based programs still need support from authorities and cannot be solely based on the efforts of volunteer individuals and community groups. 2001;60(3):281-7. Enserink M. New virus fingered in Malaysian epidemic. American Family Physician. American Journal of Infection Control. 47. Response to the 2009-H1N1 influenza pandemic in the Mekong Basin: surveys of country health leaders. Some studies have examined land use and larval density. The other six studies evaluated the use the copepod Mesocyclops as a biological control agent in water containers and also included health education and disease awareness, and environmental cleanup activities as part of the control program. “Risk factors and characteristics of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) post-vaccination outbreaks.” Veterinary Research 40(3): 15-15. Reason for exclusion: Country report, descriptive statistics. SARS in Singapore-challenges of a global health threat to local institutions. Dengue in the health transition. The study by Desvaux et al. Heintze C, Garrido MV, Kroeger A. (Level 3). Van Kerkhove MD, Ly S, Guitian J, Holl D, San S, Mangtani P, et al. Studies on community participation in. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene. Two studies measured the presence of adult mosquitoes by recording the mosquito bite rate. Reason for exclusion: Review of epidemiology, no information on control. The more specific case definition uses diagnostic criteria for DHF outlined by the WHO, so it is not surprising that a higher proportion of patients were positive by serology (33% vs 7%) and virus isolation (50% vs 15%) using the latter case definition. Unlike Nipah virus infection, where, to date, the outbreak in 1999 has been an isolated event in SE Asian countries, several outbreaks of avian influenza have been recorded in a number of SE Asian countries from 2004 to 2008. Lessons of Aedes aegypti control in Thailand. Atlanta. Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA, editors2007. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Current Infectious Disease Reports. Tropical Animal Health And Production. Changes in poultry handling behavior and poultry mortality reporting among rural Cambodians in areas affected by HPAI/H5N1. Aldedort J, Lurie N, Wasserman J, Bozzette S. Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base. Reason for exclusion: Only cross-sectional data, not community-based intervention. Regional infectious disease surveillance networks and their potential to facilitate the implementation of the international health regulations. 2009;57(2):188-96. Emerging and re-emerging viruses in Malaysia, 1997-2007. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Reason for exclusion: Short outbreak report, same data presented elsewhere. Thomas N. The Regionalization of Avian Influenza in East Asia: Responding to the Next Pandemic(?). Breteau Index (BI) is the total of container with larva in 100 houses House index is generally used to measure dissemination of mosquito in a community. Singapore Medical Journal. 2004;4(10):595-. To improve generalisability, more comprehensive descriptions of the community engagement strategies and activities used, and information on the acceptability and uptake of the program by different sectors of the community would be useful. Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing. Kimball AM, Moore M, French HM, Arima Y, Ungchusak K, Wilbulpolprasert S et al. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine And Public Health. Role of laboratory variables in differentiating SARS-coronavirus from other causes of community-acquired pneumonia within the first 72 h of hospitalization. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. DaSilva E and Iaccarino M. Emerging diseases: a global threat. Comparing national and global data collection systems for reporting, outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI. albopictus became firmly established (Breteau . Scientific research on dengue has a long and rich history. The literature has been touched by famous names in medicine- Benjamin Rush, Walter Reed, and Albert Sabin, to name a very few- and has been fertile ground for medical historians . Wong KT. Farnsworth, M. L., C. Hamilton-West, et al. What is the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical community-based interventions designed to prevent transmission of emerging zoonotic infectious diseases? This book provides a comprehensive summary of the progress made in NCT in recent years. Individual sections cover all important aspects, including neutron sources, boron chemistry, drugs for NCT, dosimetry, and radiation biology. 1991;9(8):581-7. 2005;33(5):252-7. Cavalcante, A.C.P., de Olinda, R.A., Gomes, A. et al. Bauch CT, Lloyd-Smith JO, Coffee MP, Galvani AP. Kauffman FH, Goldmann BJ. Fleming D. Influenza pandemics and avian flu. The study by Desvaux et al. 2004; 65(1-2):105-15. Chan KP, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Leo YS, Goh KT, Paton NI, et al. Google ScholarÂ. Chong HT, Abdullah S, Tan CT. Nipah virus and bats. The results of the meta-analysis showed that overall, the interventions included in this review were able to show a statistically significant impact on larval indices; including approximately an 80% reduction in the proportion of positive households, approximately a 60% reduction in the proportion of containers positive for Aedes aegypti larvae and approximately a 60% reduction in the Breteau index, when results are pooled across type of intervention. Reason for exclusion: No community or outbreak data. Manabe et al. Aedes albopictus was recorded in rest of the three surveyed localities— two urban and one rural ghat areas of Thiruvananthapuram district. 2003 2003 Winter;31(4 Suppl):63-4. The Malaysian Journal Of Pathology. 2003;10(5):259-62. The purpose of this handbook is to provide guidance to Member States on the practical aspects of maintaining sanitary standards at international borders at ports, airports, and ground crossings (points of entry) as set out in the ... 67), the latter becoming prominent 2 months after the intervention onset. 1990;335(8699):1201-2. Non-pharmaceutical, non-vaccine, and community-based surveillance or prevention and control interventions targeting rabies, Nipah virus, dengue, SARS or avian influenza. Hernandez JA, Krueger TM, Robertson SA, Isaza N, Greiner EC, Heard DJ, et al. As in the previous year, the survey conducted in July 2015 (the third LIRAa) reached the highest levels of infestation, with 49 neighbourhoods at high risk and only three at medium risk. From this list, 118 papers were short-listed for more comprehensive examination. of deaths. Tiensin T, Nielen M, Songserm T, Kalpravidh W, Chaitaweesub P, Amonsin A, et al. Lack of coordination between local authorities made it difficult to contain the infected dog population and prolonged the outbreak. Reason for exclusion: No before/after data, surveillance not carried out prior to interventions. 12. By including data from 1980, we hoped to capture any information on community-based surveillance and intervention programs that may have contributed to the development of formal surveillance programs. 30. reported a significant increase in the number of people using non-intact nets or not using nets consistently over the six month study period.59 Vanlerberghe et al. 1999;2(8):11, insert 2p. 2009; Available from: 19. Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. Lancet. The final three studies conducted in Indonesia all relate to the same program of participatory epidemiology for the surveillance, prevention and control of HPAI in backyard poultry. Halton, Kate; Sarna, Mohinder; Barnett, Adrian; Leonardo, Lydia; Graves, Nicholas, 1. On the whole, the quality of the studies was low to medium, with evidence on evaluations of surveillance and prevention and control programs not always identified. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1258-63. A multi-country rumour surveillance system based on web sources was successful at identifying outbreaks in a low cost and timely manner. Journal Of The Medical Association Of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet. Found insideEmerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective includes summaries of the formal presentations and suggests an agenda for future action. And then our final one will be on diagnostics - lab capacity and lab testing interpretation, which we know is an issue that people want to delve down into more. Transactions Of The Royal Society Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. 2010 2010-2011;31(1):21-31. 2001 Nov-Dec;9(6):295-9. 2009;27(45):6345-52. Nature. Padmawati S, Nichter M. Community response to avian flu in Central Java, Indonesia. Reason for exclusion: Narrative review, no data. The intensive surveillance program in Indonesia required considerable financial investment from external donors and it is unlikely that resource-challenged countries such as Cambodia and Lao PDR would be able to roll out a similarly extensive program. [Nipah virus encephalitis]. 2018;11:22. Software is used to generate a list of starting blocks and subsequent blocks are selected according to a sampling interval. Epidemiological News Bulletin. The challenge of avian influenza to the veterinary community. 2007;315:133-59. Nalongsack S, Yoshida Y, Morita S, Sosouphanh K, Sakamoto J. The meta-analysis showed that the dengue control interventions resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the Breteau index giving a summary mean rate ratio of 0.40 (95% credible interval 0.26, 0.61) (Table 23). None of the included studies refer to specific models of behavioural change being used to design the intervention programs, however all of the studies make reference to the fact that the programs were designed to result in changes in practices to prevent dengue infection and transmission. Twelve studies measured Breteau index as an outcome measure. The studies varied in size from 61 to 6341 households and 1163 to 2.9 million people (represented by the size of the square in the forest plot), and covered a range of interventions, including environmental, educational, biological and chemical interventions, as well as a combination of more than one intervention. showed that curtains were well accepted by the community79 but correct use was not sustainable - follow up observations noted nets with tears/holes, nets not hung and nets being used for other purposes (e.g. For example, an intervention program may not show a reduction in disease but may result in an improved capacity for detection and containment of outbreaks or high levels of vector control. 2008;78(1):70-6. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. Liao CM, Chen SC, Chang CF. Acta Tropica 2006;99:6-14. Archives De Pédiatrie: Organe Officiel De La Sociéte Française De Pédiatrie 2009;16 Suppl 2:S115-S22. In the same municipality, it will be possible to compare the hotspot areas with high frequency of vector mosquitoes with those with low frequency to identify characteristics of each. Reason for exclusion: Review of studies of hand-washing practice. There is a need for translational research to look at how findings from successful interventions can be translated into effective practice. Update: outbreak of Nipah virus — Malaysia and Singapore, 1999. and Aziz et al. Arguin PM, Navin AW, Steele SF, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE. Analysis of the scatterplots and the Moran and LISA maps for the period of 2014 up to 2017 showed that there is a clear repetition of patterns through time and that some neighbourhoods have a higher incidence of infestation rates, such as Malvinas, Ramadinha, José Pinheiro and Santo Antônio (Additional file 5: Figure S5, Additional file 6: Figure S6, Additional file 7: Figure S7, Additional file 8: Figure S8, Additional file 9: Figure S9 and Additional file 10: Figure S10). There were two types of dependent data in our analysis: 1. Influenza: prospect for prevention and control. Reason for exclusion: Evaluation of EMPRES (FAO) surveillance data. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome—Singapore, 2003. In the Philippines, two forms of environmental control were compared. Because of this, the studies are unable to estimate the independent effect of this particular intervention in stopping the outbreak, and no attempt has been made to analyse the size of the effect of confounding and interaction on the authors' results. Goh KT, Ng SK, Chan YC, Lim SJ, Chua EC. Ecohealth. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Three of the four studies51, 63, 73 included in this section of the review focused on contact tracing and quarantine protocols. Although the alpha-amylase from the resistant cost strain exhibited higher affinity Erismodegib to starch (i.e., lower K(m)), its V(max)-value was the lowest among the strains, particularly the resistant no-cost strain. 2005;11(3):463-6. Sustaining Global Surveillance & Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2006;25(4):100-3. In each village, per survey, two insect collectors spent 2 h each (four man hours per village), and the average . The vaccine data link in Nha Trang, Viet Nam: a progress report on the implementation of a database to detect adverse events related to vaccinations. Wuhib T, Chorba T, Davidiants V, MacKenzie W, McNabb S. Assessment of the infectious diseases surveillance system of the Republic of Armenia: an example of surveillance in the Republics of the former Soviet Union. Robinson LE, Miranda ME, Miranda NL, Childs JE. for the FAO Evaluation Service.42 The study is limited by changes in the form of data collection used during the period of evaluation, but aside from this the evaluation is wide-ranging and includes an assessment of the role of all stakeholders involved in the surveillance and prevention components of the program, the quality, clarity and adequacy of the program design, the quality of the data, program outputs and sustainability of the program. International Journal Of Nursing Studies 1997;34:249-55. 2016;10:e0004981. Leong, H. K., C. S. Goh, et al. report that interaction between key stakeholders and researchers enhanced reflection and dialogue amongst stakeholders. which had included this as part of their intervention was forced to drop it during the final (and epidemic) year of their intervention due to a lack of funds.72 Phantumacinda states that ongoing supply of Temephos© is necessary as periodic mass campaigns are less effective and therefore not economical or practical.66 Phan-Urai et al. Emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia. This website uses cookies. Epidemiology and control of dengue virus infections in Thai villages in 1987. 70Suroso H, Suroso T. Aedes aegypti, control through source reduction by community efforts in Pekalongan, Indonesia. 74. Interventions The circumscriptions were randomly allocated to control clusters (n=16 . Study designs used to evaluate surveillance systems were predominantly retrospective and based on analysis of case series or surveillance data,28, 31, 32, 41, the exception used a prospective evaluation.41The study designs used to evaluate prevention and control activities included:experimental before and after studies,49, 50, 60, 78, 80, 81 observational prospective comparable cohorts,38, 39, 44, 45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 55-62, 64-66, 71, 74, 77 prospective cohort studies,67, 70, 72, 79 retrospective cohorts,34, 51, 63, 69, 73, 75 and retrospective analysis of interventions using outbreak or surveillance data.25-27, 29, 30, 33, 35-37, 40, 42, 43, 54. Controlling emerging infectious diseases like SARS. 40. Evidence-Based Practice. In Brazil, epidemics of the diseases transmitted by Ae. The dengue vector is amenable to short term control via a variety of vector control methods. Reason for exclusion: Review of government and international health organisation-driven initiatives. This period was delimited considering the hypothesis that Zika virus were introduced in Brazil during the 2014 FIFA World Cup [17]. Reason for exclusion: Risk factor identification through case control study. The Moran maps directly represent the observations on the scatterplot onto the urban map. Zika virus was associated with a high prevalence of cases of congenital syndrome Zika, which has led the country to an emergency public health situation [20]. Tambyah PA. SARS: two years on. Nathan MB, Focks DA, Kroeger A. Pupal/demographic surveys to inform dengue-vector control. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. The Breteau index is defined as the number of positive containers per 100 houses, a positive container being one that contains larval and/or pupal stages of mosquito. This quadrant is classified as low-high (BA, − +). Chua KB, Lam SK, Goh KJ, Hooi PS, Ksiazek TG, Kamarulzaman A, et al. It is effective in urban and rural settings but is most suitable in settings where water is obtained from large central tanks. New Delhi: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation; 2009. 199-203. Annals Of Tropical Medicine And Parasitology 2008;102:161-71. aegypti mosquito infestation between neighbourhoods of Campina Grande city, Paraiba State, Brazil, in 2015. This is likely to be particularly true for rural and remote areas. Researchers should investigate novel methods for passive surveillance for this disease and investigate linking data from veterinary and public health sources. Reason for exclusion: Review only, no evidence or data. 2006;11(11):1749-58. Plos One. No information was presented on dengue infection numbers or costs. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Soeung SC, Grundy J, Morn C, Samnang C. Evaluation of Immunization Knowledge, Practices, and Service-delivery in the Private Sector in Cambodia. “Containing pandemic influenza at the source.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 309(5737): 1083-1087. Swe TB, Hla T. Rabies control in Myanmar. We did not find other studies reviewing other prevention and control measures (for example, handwashing, temperature screening, closure of workplaces and schools, education campaigns). Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Integrated vector control approach Dr Kulrajat Bhasin. Impact of avian influenza outbreaks in the poultry sectors of five South East Asian countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Viet Nam): outbreak costs, responses and potential long term control. (2008). The absence of effective surveillance and control programs, prevailing socio-cultural practices and weak public health and veterinary services infrastructure exacerbates the vulnerability of these settings. 2006;367(9507):303-13. Report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on emerging zoonotic diseases. Statistics and Computing. Control strategies for highly pathogenic avian influenza: a global perspective. JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services. Together with our ongoing population cohort study, mosquitoes are regularly collected and Breteau index (BI) is performed to monitor the incidence of dengue in the neighborhood. Li VC, Goethals PR, Dorfman S. A Global Review of Training of Community Health Workers. Reason for exclusion: Only before/after data is for field trial, community study is cross-sectional data. Science. “Avian Influenza: a global threat needing a global solution.” Asia Pacific Family Medicine 7(1): 5-5. (Level 3). Mosquitoes resting or flying inside the houses were collected in the morning for 15 min per house using a mouth aspirator and flash light. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Larval indices such as Premise Index (PI), Breteau Index (BI) and Container Index (CI) are widely used to interpret the density of dengue vectors in surveillance programmes. 77. 2004;89(8):738-9. 2007;76(4):313-29. Several programs were not evaluated in terms of final outcomes (only process outcomes were used), or if evaluated, the results have not been published. Dengue Bulletin. This study aims to establish the spatial density of mosquito population or breteau index (BI) in the areas of Kuala Lumpur using geographic information system . Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. The reasons that govern such behaviour and the decision-making process may be better elicited through an appraisal of qualitative research. The Journal Of Infection. Design Cluster randomised trial. Found inside – Page 24House Index (HI) i.e. percentage of houses infested with Aedes larvae, ... of water holding containers infested with larvae and Breteau Index (BI) i.e. ... 22. Long term absence (or low rates) of the vector does appear to translate into reduced disease incidence, however, in the short-term vector and disease outcomes do not appear to be well correlated.84 As such reliance on larval or vector indices as the primary outcome measures poses a limitation in terms of evaluating the impact of these strategies on dengue control and the burden of dengue illness in this region given that the majority of studies had follow up periods of less than two years. Hirayama N, Jusa ER, Noor MAR, Sakaki K, Ogata M. Immune state of dogs injected with rabies vaccines in the West-Java, Indonesia. (Level 3). 6. All studies discuss the sampling strategy of the program, the results of the laboratory testing and subsequent control measures taken. Proceedings Biological Sciences / The Royal Society. Public health measures implemented during the SARS outbreak in Singapore, 2003. An evaluation of information dissemination during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak among selected rural communities in Kuala Kangsar. Reason for exclusion: discussion piece, no data. 2014;8:e2848. 2010;1:CD006207. 2006;294(3):24. Scientific American. Secondly, it is unclear whether any impact is generalisable to future outbreaks, as the studies are unable to control for features unique to the 2003 outbreak. 67Robinson LE, Miranda ME, Miranda NL, Childs JE. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 2003;52(18):405-11. 1999;354(9186):1222-3. 2009;49(11):1743-8. Effectiveness of Aedes Index and Breteau Index in Predicting Dengue Outbreaks in Selangor, Malaysia. The influenza viruses. A study reporting on evaluations in a range of countries showed that targeted environmental and larviciding interventions are as effective at reducing vector indices as blanket interventions and have lower implementation costs. This comes back to the theme of “participatory epidemiology” - engagement of the farmer in decision-making through education and training, but the corollary, that is, recognition of the needs of the community are also essential. “Response to avian influenza and preparedness for pandemic influenza: Thailand's experience.” Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) (2004). Failure rates, for example the number of containers that tested positive for mosquitoes per 100 sampled. The success of quarantine and home isolation measures in Singapore was in part due to the capability of the Singaporean government to commit significant financial resources to enforce this policy with random phone checking, electronic camera surveillance, nurse visits and financial incentives. Sambhara S, Poland GA. H5N1 Avian influenza: preventive and therapeutic strategies against a pandemic. The studies by Ozawa et al., Muniandy et al., Mohd Nor et al. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 May 7;53(RR-5):1-11. 2005; 61:491-514. Chu C-M, Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, Chan K-S, Tang BSF, Tsang THF, et al. Poovaneswari S, Lam SK. Of the 57 papers included in the systematic review, 19 studies looked at surveillance interventions25-43 and 44 studies presented data on prevention and control interventions.29, 30, 36-38, 40, 44-81 Data was available evaluating prevention and control interventions for all 5 emerging infectious diseases included in the review, with the most evidence available for Dengue interventions and the least for Nipah virus interventions. The meta-analysis showed that the dengue control interventions resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the Breteau index giving a summary mean rate ratio of 0.40 (95% credible interval 0.26, 0.61) .
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